AD 1203: Siege of Constantinople: The Crusaders, led by Boniface of Montferrat, capture Constantinople, in support of the deposed Emperor Isaac II and his son Alexios Angelos. This marks the main outcome of the Fourth Crusade.
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AD 1204: February 21–23 – A large solar storm takes place, and is recorded in Meigetsuki, the diary of the Japanese poet Fujiwara no Sadaie.
AD 1205: Summer – Battle of Koundouros: Byzantine forces (some 5,000 men) under Michael Doukas, governor of the Theme of the Peloponnese (and later Despot of Epirus), tries to stop the Latin army (some 700 knights and foot soldiers) at the Olive Grove of Koundouros. The Byzantines are defeated by William of Champlitte, who later founds the Principality of Achaea (a vassal state of the Latin Empire).
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AD 1206: The Arab engineer Ismail al-Jazari describes many mechanical inventions in his book (title translated to English) The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices.
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AD 1208: Robert of Courçon, an English cardinal, writes his Summa – devoted to questions of canon law and ethics – dealing at length with the question of usury.
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AD 1210: September 24 – Venus occults Jupiter (the last such occurrence until 1570).
AD 1211: The Mongol-Jurchen War began.
August: Battle of Yěhúlǐng (lit. "hill of wild foxes", nowdays in Héběi Province) - Genghis Khan defeated the 500-thousand-strong Jurchen army with a troop 1/5 of its size. After this decisive the Jurcen Empire was functionally defenseless before the Mongols.
August: Battle of Yěhúlǐng (lit. "hill of wild foxes", nowdays in Héběi Province) - Genghis Khan defeated the 500-thousand-strong Jurchen army with a troop 1/5 of its size. After this decisive the Jurcen Empire was functionally defenseless before the Mongols.
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AD 1212: Spring – After the fall of Argos the Crusaders complete their conquest of the Morea in southern Greece. The city, along with Nauplia, is given to Othon de la Roche, a Burgundian nobleman, as a fief, along with an income of 400 hyperpyron from Corinth. Meanwhile, the Venetians conquer Crete and evict Henry, Count of Malta ("Enrico Pescatore"), a Genoese adventurer and pirate, active in the Mediterranean.
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AD 1214: June 20 – A papal ordinance defines the rights of the scholars at the University of Oxford in England.
AD 1215: Fourth Lateran Council – Pope Innocent III along with more than 400 bishops confirmed the legitimacy of transubstantiation (bread and wine actually turn into the body of Christ in holy communion). The council also regularized many affairs in Christianity as well as calling for another crusade.
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AD 1216: Spring – First Barons' War: The English army, led by John, King of England ("Lackland"), sacks the town of Berwick-on-Tweed and raids southern Scotland. John pushes up towards Edinburgh over a ten-day period. On his return, he puts down a revolt in East Anglia. On March 24, he arrives at Hertford to deal with the challenge of a coming French invasion.
AD 1217: August 24 – Battle of Sandwich: An English fleet under Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent defeats the French armada (10 large ships and 70 supply ships) in the English Channel, near Sandwich. The French fleet is commanded by Eustace the Monk, a mercenary and pirate, who fights for both the French and English when it suits his needs. The French fleet is bringing more men and supplies to assist Prince Louis, in his quest to take the English throne. The English capture Eustace's flagship, and Eustace himself is (while offering 10,000 marks for ransom) beheaded