World Timeline

AD 1203: Siege of Constantinople: The Crusaders, led by Boniface of Montferrat, capture Constantinople, in support of the deposed Emperor Isaac II and his son Alexios Angelos. This marks the main outcome of the Fourth Crusade.
 
AD 1205: Summer – Battle of Koundouros: Byzantine forces (some 5,000 men) under Michael Doukas, governor of the Theme of the Peloponnese (and later Despot of Epirus), tries to stop the Latin army (some 700 knights and foot soldiers) at the Olive Grove of Koundouros. The Byzantines are defeated by William of Champlitte, who later founds the Principality of Achaea (a vassal state of the Latin Empire).
 
AD 1206: The Arab engineer Ismail al-Jazari describes many mechanical inventions in his book (title translated to English) The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices.
 
AD 1207: Terra Mariana, predecessor to modern Latvia and Estonia, was founded as a principality within the Holy Roman Empire.
 
AD 1208: Robert of Courçon, an English cardinal, writes his Summa – devoted to questions of canon law and ethics – dealing at length with the question of usury.
 
AD 1211: The Mongol-Jurchen War began.

August: Battle of Yěhúlǐng (lit. "hill of wild foxes", nowdays in Héběi Province) - Genghis Khan defeated the 500-thousand-strong Jurchen army with a troop 1/5 of its size. After this decisive the Jurcen Empire was functionally defenseless before the Mongols.
 
AD 1212: Spring – After the fall of Argos the Crusaders complete their conquest of the Morea in southern Greece. The city, along with Nauplia, is given to Othon de la Roche, a Burgundian nobleman, as a fief, along with an income of 400 hyperpyron from Corinth. Meanwhile, the Venetians conquer Crete and evict Henry, Count of Malta ("Enrico Pescatore"), a Genoese adventurer and pirate, active in the Mediterranean.
 
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AD 1213: Vice-Marshal Heshilie Zhizhong of the Jurchen Empire made a coup d'état by murdering Emperor Wanyan Yongji. Wanyan Xun succeeded him as Emperor Xuan of Jin Dynasty (Jurchen Empire).
 
AD 1215: Fourth Lateran Council – Pope Innocent III along with more than 400 bishops confirmed the legitimacy of transubstantiation (bread and wine actually turn into the body of Christ in holy communion). The council also regularized many affairs in Christianity as well as calling for another crusade.
 
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