World Timeline

AD 722: King Ine of Wessex attempts a takeover of Dumnonia, but his armies are crushed, and he is forced to withdraw. Queen Æthelburg, wife of Ine, destroys the royal castle of Taunton, to prevent its seizure by rebels under Ealdbert.
 
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AD 723: Under Suluk, the Turgesh Turks launch sudden attacks against Umayyad garrisons in Transoxiana, shaking Arab control and signaling the resurgence of Turkish resistance in Central Asia.
 
AD 724: Shōmu orders that houses of the Japanese nobility be roofed with green tiles, as in China, and have white walls with red roof poles (approximate date).
 
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AD 725: The Turgesh Turks under Khagan Suluk continue their offensives in Transoxiana, inflicting heavy losses on Umayyad forces and maintaining Turkish dominance in the region.
 
AD 726: October 22 – Itzamnaaj K'awiil, the ruler of the Mayan city state at Dos Pilas in Guatemala since 698, dies after a 28-year reign.
 
AD 727: Pope Gregory II condemns iconoclasm at Rome, causing Italy to break with the Byzantine Empire. He becomes the virtual temporal ruler of most Byzantine possessions.
 
AD 728: The Khazar Khaganate secures firm control north of the Caucasus, blocking Arab armies from advancing further north. This achievement establishes the Khazars as the dominant power of Eastern Europe and the Pontic steppe.
 
AD 729: Chinese eating sticks are introduced in the next 20 years in Japan, where people heretofore have used one-piece pincers. The Japanese call them hashi.
 
AD 730: Charles Martel defeats the last independent dukedom of Alamannia, and incorporates it into the Frankish Empire. He also launches raids on the Saxons beyond the Rhine.
 
AD 731: Bede, Anglo-Saxon monk and historian, completes his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum at the monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth.
 
AD 732: The Kül Tigin inscription is erected in the Orkhon Valley. Bearing one of the earliest and clearest uses of the name “Turkish,” it carves Turkish history, statehood, and identity into stone.
 
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AD 733: Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, aged almost 80, abdicates and retires to a monastery. His lands are divided between his sons Hunald I and Hatton, who continue the conflict with Charles Martel, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Austrasia. In battles at Benest in Charente and La Rochefoucauld (near Angoulême), Charles probably defeats the Aquitainians. He also campaigns against the Burgundians.
 
Bilge Khagan, one of the greatest rulers of the Second Göktürk Khaganate, dies. His death marks a turning point, as the political balance of the Turkish steppe begins to weaken and the Göktürk golden age draws to a close.
 
AD 735: The see of York receives the pallium from pope Gregory III, and is elevated to an archbishopric. Ecgbert becomes the first archbishop.
 
AD 736: June 15 – Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil ("Eighteen Rabbit"), ruler of the Mayan city state of Copán in Honduras is defeated in battle by Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat, the ruler of Quiriguá (in Guatemala), and is beheaded. K'ak' ("Smoke Monkey") rules until his death in 749.
 
AD 737:

Britain:
King Ceolwulf of Northumbria abdicates in favour of his cousin, Eadberht, and becomes a monk at Lindisfarne Priory.
 
AD 739: The Umayyad commander Marwan ibn Muhammad crosses the Caucasus and advances deep into the Khazar Khaganate. After fierce fighting, the Khazar Khagan is forced to seek peace, marking the most dramatic phase of the Khazar–Arab wars.
 
AD 740: The Berber tribes in the recently conquered region of Galicia (northwest Spain) rebel. This facilitates the establishment of an independent kingdom in the Cantabrian Mountains under King Alfonso I of Asturias.
 
AD 742: Chrodegang, chancellor of Charles Martel, is appointed bishop of Metz and embarks on a reorganisation of the Frankish church.
 
AD 743: A joint revolt by the Basmyl, Uyghur, and Karluk Turks leads to the killing of the Göktürk Khagan Özmiş. With his death, the Second Göktürk Khaganate effectively collapses, ushering in a new struggle for power across the Turkish steppe.
 
AD 744: In 741 and 744, documents in the archives of St. Gallen Abbey describe the village of Kempraten as Centoprato, another document in 863 as Centiprata, inspired by the Latin name Centum Prata.
 
AD 745: The Uyghur Khaganate establishes its capital, Ordu-Baliq (Karakorum/ Karabalgasun), in the Orkhon Valley. The city represents a major shift in Turkish history toward permanent capitals, settled administration, and advanced state organization.
 
AD 748: An earthquake strikes the Middle East from northern Egypt to northwestern Mesopotamia, destroying many remnants of Byzantine culture (approximate date).
 
AD 749: The Karluk Turks firmly settle in the Tian Shan and Semirechye (Zhetysu) region, emerging as an independent power. This settlement shapes the very region where the Karakhanid state and the Turkish–Islamic synthesis will later arise.
 
AD 752: King Pepin III ("the Short") begins a Frankish military expedition down the Rhône Valley, and receives the submission of eastern Septimania (i.e. Nîmes, Melguelh, Agde and Béziers), after securing Count Ansemund's allegiance.
 
AD 753: Frankish duke and illegitimate son of Charles Martel, rebels against King Pepin III ("the Short") (his half-brother), in alliance with the Bretons. He flees to Italy to join King Aistulf of the Lombards, but is caught and killed while passing the Alps.
 
AD 754: Jianzhen, Chinese Buddhist monk, arrives in Nara, where he is welcomed by former emperor Shōmu and empress Kōmyō. During his visit Jianzhen introduces sugar to the Japanese court, using it to mask the flavors of foul-tasting herbal tea.
 
AD 755: An Lushan, a commander of Turkish origin, launches a massive rebellion against the Tang dynasty. The uprising devastates China and forces the Tang court to rely heavily on Uyghur Turkish military support to survive.
 
AD 757: The city of Sijilmasa (modern Morocco) is founded by the Miknasa, a Zenata Berber tribe. They adopt Kharijism-Islam, and establish the Emirate of Sijilmasa in the northern Sahara. It becomes a wealthy trading center as the western end-point of the Trans-Saharan trade.
 
AD 758: The Khazar Turkish Khaganate secures full control over the Volga–Caspian trade routes, becoming the primary economic intermediary between Eastern Europe and the Islamic world. By this time, the Khazars shape Eurasian politics not only through military power but through commercial dominance.
 
AD 760: The Khazar Turkish Khaganate consolidates its role as a balancing power between Byzantium and the Abbasid Caliphate, securing the Caucasus passes and the North–South trade routes. As a result, the Khazars effectively determine the political and economic balance between Eastern Europe and the Middle East.
 
AD 761: August 6 – Battle of Eildon: King Æthelwald Moll of Northumbria faces a rebellion, under a rival claimant to the throne named Oswine, brother of the murdered King Oswulf of Northumbria. Oswine is killed after a three-day battle against the forces of Æthelwald in Scotland.
 
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